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Aalsmeer
gemeentegemeente (commune), Noord-Holland provincie, western
Netherlands, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Amsterdam, on the Ring Canal
and Westeinder Lake, a remnant of Haarlem Lake. The older part of the
town is on peaty soil at about sea level, surrounded by polders with
loamy soil 9–15 feet (3–5 m) below sea level. Once known for its eels,
whence its name (aal, “eel”; meer, “lake”), it is the
flower-growing centre of The Netherlands, with numerous nurseries, the
largest flower auction in the world, and a state experimental station
for floriculture. Blooms include carnations, roses, lilacs, freesias,
chrysanthemums, and potted plants such as cyclamens and begonias. Many
flowers are exported by air, and there is a thriving trade in seeds and
nursery plants. Pop. (1984 est.) 20,379.
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Aalenian Stage
lowest of the four divisions of the Middle Jurassic
Series, representing all rocks formed worldwide during the Aalenian
Age, which occurred between 175.6 million and 171.6 million years ago
during the Jurassic Period. The Aalenian Stage underlies the Bajocian Stage and overlies the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic Series.
The name for this stage is derived from the town of Aalen, located 80 km (50 miles) east of Stuttgart in the Swabian Alps
of Germany. The Aalenian Stage is divided into the Lower Aalenian and
the Upper Aalenian, each of which in Europe is subdivided into two
standard ammonite biozones:
the Opalinum and Scissum zones for the Lower Aalenian and the
Murchisonae and Concavum zones for the Upper Aalenian. In other parts
of the world there is an almost complete absence of the ammonite group
upon which the standard European zonation is based, so that several
different zonation sequences have been recognized in different parts of
Asia and North America. Some of these zones are approximately coeval
and equivalent to the standard European zonations.Carol Marie Tang
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Aalen
city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southern Germany, on the
Kocher River, at the northern foot of the Schwäbische Alb (Swabian
Alps), 30 miles (48 km) north of Ulm. It originated around a large
Roman fort, much of which remains; nearby are the remains of the Roman limes
(frontier wall). It became a free imperial city in 1360 and was
severely damaged by fire in 1634. It passed to Württemberg in 1802. The
old city hall dates from 1636 and the church of Sankt Nikolaus from
1765. The Limesmuseum of Roman relics was opened in 1964. In 1975 the
adjoining city of Wasseralfingen
was annexed to Aalen, enlarging it by nearly a third. A communications
centre, Aalen also has metal, textile, and chemical industries. Pop.
(1989 est.) 62,812.
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Aakjær, Jeppe
born Sept. 10, 1866, Aakjær, Den.
died April 22, 1930, Jenle
poet and novelist, leading exponent of Danish regional literature and of the literature of social consciousness.
Aakjær
grew up in the Jutland farming area and so was well aware of the harsh
conditions endured by farm labourers in his country. His early novels
deal primarily with this theme. As a young man he went to study in
Copenhagen, earning his living as a proofreader and later as a
journalist. Vredens børn, et tyendes saga
(1904; “Children of Wrath: A Hired Man's Saga”), which is considered to
be his most powerful novel, was a strong plea for the betterment of the
farm labourer's lot. The book initiated much public discussion and
helped lead the way to some minimal reforms. He was best-known,
however, for his poems, especially those collected in Fri felt (1905; “Free Fields”) and Rugens sange
(1906; “Songs of the Rye”). A number of modern Danish composers have
set Aakjær's poems to music; his “Jens Vejmand” (music by Carl Nielsen)
is virtually a modern folk song. Only a few of his poems have been
translated into English.To cite this page:
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Aachen
French Aix-la-Chapelle , Dutch Aken
city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. Its municipal boundaries coincide on the west with the frontiers of Belgium and The Netherlands. It was a royal residence of the emperor Charlemagne,
and it served as the principal coronation site of Holy Roman emperors
and of German kings from the Middle Ages to the Reformation. The Palatine Chapel, a masterpiece of Carolingian architecture, is incorporated within Aachen Cathedral, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978.
Originally
a Roman spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in the late
8th century during the rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite
residence and a centre of Western culture and learning. From the
coronation of Otto I
in 936 until the 16th century, more than 30 German emperors and kings
were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in the late 12th century
and granted municipal rights in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city
about 1250. Aachen began to decline in the 16th century. It was too
remote from the centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in
the 1560s the coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main.
Aachen was frequently at odds with the emperors during the Protestant
Reformation. In 1656 the city was devastated by a great fire.Aachen hosted several peace conferences, including those ending the War of Devolution (1668) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon's army in 1794 and annexed by France in 1801, it was given to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by the Belgians after World War I. It was severely damaged in World War II, and it became the first large German city to fall to the Allies (October 20, 1944).
The noteworthy medieval churches of St. Foillan, St. Paul, and St. Nicholas were destroyed or heavily damaged during World War II, but their reconstruction began almost immediately afterward. The Rathaus (town hall), built about 1530 on the ruins of Charlemagne's palace and containing the magnificent Hall of the Emperors, was also damaged and restored.
Aachen Cathedral suffered relatively little damage in the war. It incorporates the distinctive Carolingian and Gothic styles. The Palatine Chapel (built 790–805) of Charlemagne, modeled on San Vitale (in Ravenna, Italy), is Carolingian in style, and the choir (c. 1355) and subsidiary chapels are Gothic. In the gallery of the chapel is the marble throne thought to have been Charlemagne's; it was long used for coronations. Charlemagne's tomb is marked by a stone slab over which hangs a bronze chandelier presented by Frederick I Barbarossa in 1168. The cathedral treasury contains examples of fine medieval workmanship and sacred relics (including the supposed swaddling clothes of Jesus, as well as his crucifixion loin cloth) that are displayed to pilgrims every seven years (see Palatine Chapel).
Other notable landmarks are the Suermondt Ludwig Museum and the fountain, surmounted by a statue of Charlemagne, in the market square. The International Newspaper Museum has exhibits of newspapers from the 16th century to the present. There are numerous educational institutions, including the Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, founded in 1870, the earliest in Prussia. The nearby hot springs are much frequented; Schwertbad-Quelle, in the suburb of Burtscheid, is the warmest spring in Germany, with an average high water temperature of 169 °F (76 °C).
Aachen is a rail hub and the industrial and commercial centre of a brown-coal-mining region; almost every type of heavy industry functions in the vicinity. Manufactured products include machinery, electronics, chemicals, plastics, textiles, glass, cosmetics, and needles and pins. Pop. (2003 est.) 256,605.
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A-pao-chi
died 926, China
Pinyin Abaoji, posthumous dynastic name Liao T'ai Tsu, Pinyin Liao Tai Zu leader of the nomadic Mongol-speaking Khitan tribes who occupied the northwest border of China.
Elected
to a three-year term as great khan of the Khitans, A-pao-chi refused to
resign at the end of his term but made himself king of the Khitan
nation. After the collapse in 907 of T'ang rule in China, A-pao-chi
made himself emperor and by 916 had set up a Chinese-style dynasty,
with his son as heir apparent. He organized his followers into fighting
units known as ordos (similar to what Westerners later called a horde) and then joined 12 ordos into an administrative district.In 926, in return for aiding the founder of the Later Chin dynasty (936–947) in the Chin ruler's conquest of North China, A-pao-chi was given the northeast corner of Hopeh province, an area inside the Great Wall encompassing the present site of Peking. After the death of A-pao-chi, the Khitans began to take on further Chinese mannerisms, and in 947 they proclaimed the Liao dynasty (947–1125), naming A-pao-chi as their dynastic founder with the posthumous title of T'ai Tsu (Grand Progenitor).
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